How relevant is infrastructure to development in Africa?
Home to about 1.4 billion people, approximately a quarter of Africa’s population is impoverished – a staggering 460 million people in the region are living below the extreme poverty line of US$1.90 a day in 2022, an egregious situation that has characterised Africa as poverty-stricken. But the truth is that Africa is not poor – the continent is rich in abundant natural resources needed for development.
According to the United Nations Environment Programme, Africa holds 30 percent of the world’s minerals; 90 percent of the world’s entire platinum and chromium; and 40 percent of the world’s gold. In addition to these massive natural resources, the continent also accounts for 65 percent of the world’s arable land, 10 percent of the earth’s internal renewable fresh water source and 8 percent of the world’s natural gas. Surely, these resources together with numerous others should be more than enough to turn around the continent’s fortunes.
However, harnessing these enormous natural resources for development in Africa is anything but a walk in the park – Countries on the continent have grappled with this formidable challenge for decades, a puzzle that could be solved by investing adequately in infrastructure. In sooth, infrastructure and development go hand in hand – Development is an outcome of consistent and adequate structural transformation processes, mainly underpinned by infrastructure which ultimately accelerate the transition of economic activity from raw materials to value-addition and services.
Apparently, quality infrastructure – an invaluable resource for development – is largely deficient in Africa. Across countries on the continent, infrastructure investment has not kept pace with growing demand, leaving a huge deficit. With an estimated infrastructure investment gap of over US$100billion per year, this colossal deficit is slackening economic growth and constraining development in Africa – a daunting challenge that should be addressed urgently to save the current generation and future of the continent.
In fact, setting up adequate infrastructure in the region will not only accelerate the transformation of African economies from agriculture toward high productivity manufacturing and services, which will definitely increase the number of decent jobs, but also create the enabling environment needed for a well-functioning society to thrive – a prerequisite for sustainable development.
With infrastructure positioned at the heart of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), building adequate infrastructure in Africa is certainly a pressing need; a challenge that requires consistent and concerted efforts to address it effectively – For Africa, adequate infrastructure will provide efficient transportation networks, secure energy systems, resilient sanitation, reliable communication systems and affordable housing; all these provisions will strengthen access to high-quality education and healthcare, address poverty and inequality and improve food and water security. All these provisions will improve the standard of living considerably, which will eventually bring an end to the numerous social, environmental and economic problems that have plagued the continent for decades.
For example, the findings of a recent (2021) study from the World Bank that investigates the nexus between investments in infrastructure (electricity, roads and Internet) and economic development in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia) – using data on the expansion of roads, electricity and Internet over the last two decades, reveals that access to paved roads alone led to a reduction in agricultural employment and concomitantly an increase in manufacturing and services sectors.
To add more, the findings further show that complementing road improvements with investments in electrification led to a much larger shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services – again, the proposed investments in transport corridors will lead to a 1.5 percentage-point increase in the share of employment in non-agricultural sectors, with Kenya experiencing the largest increase followed by Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia.
Obviously, this is the ideal trajectory for development in Africa – a structural transformation that facilitates an exodus of workers from low-productivity sectors, which offer the largest share of employment in the region, to higher-productivity employment that bolsters inclusive growth, eradicates poverty, provides universal access to education and healthcare, and mitigates inequality. However, this pathway for development cannot yield the desired outcome without consistent commitment and dedication from African governments, financial institutions, development partners and other relevant stakeholders to bridge the increasing infrastructure-finance gap. At present, Africa needs earnest cooperation from dedicated partners to close the vast infrastructure-finance gap.
So far, efforts from the People’s Republic of China have been unparalleled and exemplary – a recent (2022) report from the Centre for Global Development shows that between 2007 and 2020 Chinese development finance institutions (DFIs) provided 2.5 times more finance for infrastructure projects in sub-Saharan Africa than all other bilateral (DFIs) combined. In fact, the combined total of funds from the main 8 bilateral DFIs outside China for the period is less than 50 percent of finance provided by the Export-Import Bank of China alone – a strong indication that the other entities have failed to pull their weight.
Nonetheless, to weather the storm Africa needs the full cooperation of all its partners. Admittedly, significant infrastructure projects have been completed, but there is still a lot of room for improvement. For example, investment in the water and social infrastructure sectors together accounted for only about 5 percent of the entire infrastructure finance in 2020; and the total average annual private finance dropped from US$5.1billion in earlier years of the period to US$3.7 billion in 2016 to 2020. Clearly, it is long-overdue for bundled infrastructure investments for development to be prioritised in Africa, eschewing parties that pay lip-service and rather seeking redress to formidable challenges which have impeded infrastructure development.
Alexander Ayertey Odonkor is an economic consultant, chartered economist and chartered financial analyst with a keen interest in the economic landscape of countries in Asia and Africa.