How 15 months of war have drastically changed Gaza

A Gaza ceasefire deal has been reached, but 15 months of fighting have had a devastating impact on the coastal Palestinian territory.

Israel’s bombing campaign and ground invasion came in response to Hamas’s unprecedented cross-border attack on 7 October 2023, in which about 1,200 people were killed and 251 others were taken hostage.

Israel said it was trying to destroy the military and governing capabilities of the Islamist group, which is committed to the destruction of Israel and has been in control of Gaza since 2007, but more than 46,600 Palestinians have also been killed, according to the Hamas-run health ministry.

Gazans hope the latest ceasefire could finally bring peace, but the United Nations is warning it could take years or even decades for the territory to recover. This visual guide shows some of the drastic ways life has changed during the war.

Israel’s campaign initially focused on northern Gaza – where it said Hamas fighters were hiding among the civilian population.

The northern town of Beit Hanoun, only 2km (1.2 miles) from the border, was one of the first areas hit by Israeli strikes. It sustained heavy damage.

Israel continued to bomb Gaza City and other urban centres in the north and ordered civilians to move south of the Wadi Gaza river for “safety and protection” before it began its ground invasion at the end of October.

But Israel was also launching air strikes on the southern cities which hundreds of thousands of Gazans from the north were fleeing towards. By the end of November, parts of the south of the territory lay in ruins, as did much of the north.

Israel intensified its bombing of southern and central Gaza at the start of December, before launching a ground offensive on Khan Younis, and by January more than half of Gaza’s buildings had been damaged or destroyed.

Fifteen months of conflict have probably damaged almost 60% of buildings across the Gaza Strip, with Gaza City suffering the heaviest destruction, according to experts from CUNY Graduate Center and Oregon State University who have been analysing satellite data.

The UN estimates the damaged buildings include more than 90% of the housing units in Gaza, with 160,000 destroyed and a further 276,000 severely or partially damaged.

Throughout the war, Hamas – which is designated as a terrorist organisation by Israel, the UK and many other countries – and its allies have been engaged in intense battles against Israeli forces on the ground. They have also been firing thousands of rockets into Israel.

Life before the war was tough in Gaza – for years it had been the subject of an Israeli-Egyptian blockade severely limiting who and what could enter and leave, which both countries said was needed for security.

Although nearly two-thirds of the population were in poverty, according to the World Bank, and thousands lived in UN-run refugee camps, it also had hospitals, schools and shops.

But Gaza – only 41km (25 miles) long and 10km wide and bounded by the Mediterranean Sea and closed borders with Israel and Egypt – is now in large parts uninhabitable.

Entire districts have been razed to the ground. Agricultural land where greenhouses once stood have been reduced to sand and rubble by heavy vehicles and tanks used in clearing operations by Israeli troops.

Before the war, most of Gaza’s 2.2 million people lived in its four main cities – Rafah and Khan Younis in the south, Deir al-Balah, in the centre, and Gaza City, which was home to 775,000 people – but almost the whole population have now been displaced.

Families have been displaced multiple times as Israel changed the focus of its operation, initially telling people in the north to move south of Wadi Gaza river, which cuts the Strip roughly in half, and later declaring a series of evacuation zones in the south.

Satellite imagery shows a vast proliferation of tents erected by displaced people in al-Mawasi, a thin strip of mainly agricultural land along the Mediterranean coast, close to the Egyptian border, that Israel designated as a “humanitarian zone” in October 2023.

Israel expanded the zone in May, to include parts of Khan Younis and Deir al-Balah, after launching its ground offensive in Rafah, where more than a million people were sheltering.

But it has been repeatedly reduced in size since then, as Israel has targeted areas where they say Hamas is operating and launching attacks while embedded among displaced civilians.

In August the UN estimated more than 1.2 million people were sheltering in al-Mawasi, which lacks critical infrastructure and basic services and has varied in size from about 7 km sq (2.7 sq miles) when it was first introduced to 72 km sq (27.8 sq miles).

Overcrowding has become a major concern in UN emergency shelters in central and southern Gaza, with some far exceeding their capacity. Other families are living in tents or makeshift shelters in compounds or on open areas of land and beaches.

About 1.8 million people are experiencing high levels of acute food insecurity, including nearly 133,000 people facing catastrophic food insecurity, according to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), the global body responsible for declaring famine.

Its analysis for September 2024 to August 2025 warned levels of acute malnutrition were 10 times higher than before the war started.

Even before the current conflict, about 80% of the population of Gaza was in need of humanitarian aid.

Aid deliveries stopped completely for about 10 days when Israel and Egypt closed their crossings after 7 October and they have resumed at much lower levels – about 50 aid lorries currently entering Gaza each day in January so far, according to the UN.

Israel disputes the UN figures but even its entered in January so far, with the highest number of 226 a day entering in April.

In March, the World Food Programme said that addressing simple food needs would require at least 300 lorries a day to enter Gaza and distribute food – a figure that has not been reached since the conflict started.

UN officials have blamed the situation on Israeli military restrictions on aid deliveries, the ongoing hostilities and the breakdown of law and order.

Israel insists there are no limits to the amount of aid that can be delivered into and across Gaza and blames UN agencies for failing to distribute supplies. It also accuses Hamas of stealing aid, which the group denies.

The conflict has also had a devastating impact on Gaza’s economy, which the World Bank said had contracted by 86% in the first quarter of 2024, the “largest economic contraction on record”.

It notes that almost 100% of the population are now living in poverty compared with 64% before the war and the cost of basic supplies has risen by almost 250%.

The UN’s trade and development arm UNCTAD says the cost of the damage caused by the war is an estimated $18.5bn – about seven times Gaza’s entire gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022.

It warned in October that, even once a ceasefire was reached, it would take 350 years to rebuild Gaza’s economy to its 2022 level – unless it was able to grow more quickly than it had been able to under the economic and movement restrictions that had been in place since 2007.

Many healthcare facilities have been left unable to function as a result of damage or lack of supplies and fuel.

Many hospitals have also been raided by Israeli forces, with the military alleging that they have been used for military purposes by Hamas. Hamas and hospital officials have denied that claim.

Gaza City’s al-Shifa hospital – once the largest medical facility in Gaza – was left in ruins although it has now reopened its emergency department. The IDF says it killed or captured hundreds of “terrorists” and found weapons and intelligence “throughout the hospital” in its two major operations there.

The UN’s World Health Organization (WHO) says only 18 of Gaza’s 36 hospitals are still partially functioning, with a further 11 field hospitals described as fully or partially functioning.

Aside from the human toll, the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) has warned it will take a long time to repair the damage in Gaza.

It describes the water and sanitation systems as “almost entirely defunct”, warns of mounting rubbish around camps and shelters and of the risk that chemicals from destroyed solar panels and the munitions being used will contaminate soil and water supplies.

And it estimates more than 50 million tonnes of debris has accumulated from the destruction.

UNEP says it could take 21 years just to clear the debris and explosive remnants of war.

“The significant and growing environmental damage in Gaza risks locking its people into a painful, long recovery,” executive director Inger Andersen said.