Can Music Help Children with Autism Learn Language?

As a psychologist as well as a linguist, I am fascinated by the idea of how music and language can shape our brain, and how our brain attunes to musical and speech sounds differently.

I study this topic by looking into how individuals with different musical and language abilities produce and perceive sounds in different domains.

One population I study are those with autism, or autistic individuals, as is the preferred term by the autism community in the UK and elsewhere. A large body of evidence has suggested that some autistic individuals possess exceptional musical skills, e.g., absolute pitch—the ability to classify musical notes without a reference tone.

One famous example is Derek Paravicini, a musical savant with autism, who can play music by ear and communicate better with music than using words. As revealed by our recent systematic review and meta-analysis, autistic individuals are also better able to recognise emotions such as happiness from music than from human faces.

Thus, music appears as an area of enhanced abilities for a subgroup of autistic individuals. Comparing brain responses to speech versus song, a study shows that the brain region responsible for the production of language (i.e., Broca’s area) is less activated during speech stimulation but more activated during song stimulation in autistic children with language impairments.

The functional connectivity between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area (important for language comprehension) is also increased in song compared to speech stimulation in these children. These findings suggest that the autistic brain is more engaged with the song than with speech.

In our EU-funded MAP project, we tested whether language taught through songs using interactive activities in naturalistic home settings would increase spoken communication in 2- to 5-year-old autistic children with no or few words, through a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Our recently published study protocol outlines our approach of using music to attract the attention of these children to speak.

A rationale behind this approach is that music is a powerful tool for reinforcing social bonding through synchronized musical activities such as singing and dancing, which release endorphins—neurohormones associated with feelings of pleasure, reward, and social motivation.

Indeed, a study examining the beneficial effect of music on social communication skills in school-age autistic children found improved social communication as well as functional brain connectivity after a period of 8-12 weeks of music intervention involving child-centered activities facilitated by music.

Since language is typically learned through social interaction, with autistic children’s preference for musical sounds and the social bonding power of music, music-assisted language interventions may help autistic children learn the language.